Management 331 Essay Example

The executives 331 Essay Name: Course: Establishment: Date: We will compose a custom exposition test on Management 331 explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Management 331 explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Management 331 explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The board 331 Brazil is a nation that is recognized for having a rich air for leading business. The nation has an enormous populace of one hundred and ninety million individuals who have various ethnicities including German, African and Spanish among numerous others (US Commercial Guide 2). Brazil likewise has an extended financial industry that incorporates a few market open doors for little and huge organizations for nations including the United States. Be that as it may, the principle organizations that make up Brazil’s innovative economy include items like vehicles, petroleum synthetic compounds and PCs among others. Concentrating on PCs, there are a few manners by which a universal business could be led. For instance, the firm could send out PCs to the nation, structure a business association with a Brazil-based organization or start a totally claimed auxiliary. Notwithstanding, for the business to succeed, an assessment of every one of these strategies is required so as to decide the best choice. In this procedure, focal points and inconveniences of every technique are distinguished so as to decide the best choice that will be increasingly viable to the business (US Commercial Guide 4). In the business methodology of sending out PCs from the United States to Brazil, cost points of interest are figured it out. For instance, the expense of assembling PCs in America has all the earmarks of being more exorbitant than when in Brazil. Moreover, the costs included are opportunity costs since the costs for delivering PCs supplant the expenses of the vehicles that could have been produced. For instance, while in America, a business would require to surrender the creation of one hundred and fifty vehicles to fabricate a thousand PCs, a business wandering in Brazil would just require surrendering one hundred vehicles. In any case, since Brazil’s significant market is made of imports from the United States[1], it prompts an issue of clog inside the market space. For instance, in such a situation, there are most likely American PC organizations that swarm the Brazilian market and consequently it will be hard for a business to build up itself because of expanded rivalry. A developing business sector is portrayed by quick financial advancement and an expansion in outside undertakings. Brazil is one of the developing markets on the planet as a result of its rich ownership of normal assets. Brazil has additionally become a built up advertise for American IT technology[2]. U.S financial specialists managing delivering PC gear are altogether required to fuse the necessities of the Brazilian populace that communicate in dialects including Portuguese (Jennifer 2011). For instance, the American producers could incorporate a language deciphering capacity in the PC frameworks so as to address the issues of the Brazilian populace and subsequently become progressively beneficial. The option of building up an organization with a Brazilian-based organization has its points of interest. For instance, one of the advancing parts in Brazil is the PC equipment dependent on alluding to the general incomes earned that have expanded to billions of dollars. This could make an incredible open door for an American business organization with Brazil in such a case that the PC business in Brazil is advancing beneficially, the speculation is probably going to follow a similar pattern (Jennifer 2011). Notwithstanding, the achievement accomplished from leading business in Brazil is generally founded on one’s steadiness, experience and being exceptionally familiar with the country’s social and legitimate norms. This is on the grounds that Brazil keeps up a particular legitimate structure, which causes the issue of newness among numerous remote speculators. Putting resources into the Brazilian association could prompt the rise of more chances. For instance, the association could exploit the circumstance, wherein certain territories have populace that is less familiar with data innovation by giving training administrations. On the last option of beginning a sole PC business in a developing economy, for example, Brazil, a few focal points are figured it out. One bit of leeway is that the organization is probably going to encounter early accomplishment because of the dynamic monetary state and thus gain affirmation as a solid persuasive brand inside the business. Accordingly, this could build up an extraordinary open door for American organizations that are contending inside the tip top class of the market. This is on the grounds that the business will have the option to keep up stable associations with other neighborhood organizations, which would make an upper hand over the other serious organizations. In developing economies, capital is generally promptly accessible and framing an association with its availability causes organizations to contribute their assets for empowering household headway. Also, organizations that have needed capital potential could be allowed a chance to restore themselves. Negligible firms are likewise allowed the chance to create in the developing markets, a possibility that was not accessible to them while they were in the household showcase. Be that as it may, the inconvenience of building up a business in a rising economy is the issue of managing social peril. Distinctive social perspectives on item utility may have necessities that vary from those recognized by a business. For instance, an American business may have certain social difficulties while working in Brazil because of being less familiar with the business culture of that condition. In the wake of examining the three choices of how to work the PC business, it is ideal to consider building up a business inside the nation. This is on the grounds that it will make the chances of changing the business into a fruitful endeavor that picks up affirmation and a solid impact over its rivals. Works Cited Blanke, Jennifer. â€Å"Global Competitiveness World Economic Forum 6 July 2004. December 16, 2011 . Working together in Brazil: Country Commercial Guide for U.s. Organizations. Springfield, VA: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, 2005. Print. [1] Other imports incorporate Canada and some other European nations.

Free Essays on Lord Of The Flies Journals

Section 1: Today was the most abnormal day of my life. I simply wrapped up my way through a wilderness after I was in a plane that was shot and smashed. It was raging, however now it’s somewhat more pleasant outside, and me and my mate Piggy were simply examining the way that we are on the whole kids here on this island, and there are no grown-ups!! In reality, it was then that I found that Piggy was a nerd, and neither I nor any other individual truly enjoyed him. I was chosen boss at that point and my first major choice was to sent youngsters out to research whether they are truly on an island. This child named Jack appears to be quite cool, him and I are the most established, and accordingly the two principle pioneers. But†¦ I am the King! Part 2: I concluded that I should assemble another conference. So I blew on the conch, and the littluns all came. It appears to be entirely fun being on this island up until now, I’m sure getting a charge out of it. Be that as it may, I likewise needed to take some charge. So I set out a couple of rules, and I truly don’t care on the off chance that any other person likes them or not. Everybody imagines that there is a type of monster on the island. I’m truly not certain if there is one or not, however I sure expectation there isn’t. Be that as it may, if there is, I will deal with it. All things considered, I am a man! I can take care of business! Piggy has made a couple of valid statements, however I truly don’t care what he needs to state. At the present time, I feel that our solitary opportunity to get protected is by fire. Part 3: At the present time, Simon and I just got wrapped up a hovel. I’m tired of being the just one around here who does everything. The littluns don’t help by any stretch of the imagination. I imagine that building cabins is far more significant than chasing. Be that as it may, Jack sure doesn’t think so. I additionally imagine that there ought to be a sign fire consuming constantly for getting safeguarded. Part 4: Prior today when I was swimming in the washing pool I saw some smoke in the skyline. I took a gander at the peak, yet the sign fire had gone out. When ... Free Essays on Lord Of The Flies Journals Free Essays on Lord Of The Flies Journals Section 1: Today was the strangest day of my life. I simply wrapped up my way through a wilderness after I was in a plane that was shot and smashed. It was raging, yet now it’s somewhat more pleasant outside, and me and my pal Piggy were simply examining the way that we are for the most part kids here on this island, and there are no grown-ups!! As a matter of fact, it was then that I found that Piggy was a nerd, and neither I nor any other person truly enjoyed him. I was chosen boss at that point and my first critical choice was to sent youngsters out to explore whether they are truly on an island. This child named Jack appears to be truly cool, him and I are the most seasoned, and hence the two fundamental pioneers. But†¦ I am the King! Section 2: I concluded that I should assemble another conference. So I blew on the conch, and the littluns all came. It appears to be quite fun being on this island up until this point, I’m sure getting a charge out of it. In any case, I likewise needed to take some charge. So I set out a couple of rules, and I truly don’t care on the off chance that any other person likes them or not. Everybody imagines that there is a type of monster on the island. I’m truly not certain if there is one or not, yet I sure expectation there isn’t. In any case, if there is, I will deal with it. All things considered, I am a man! I can take care of business! Piggy has made a couple of valid statements, yet I truly don’t care what he needs to state. At the present time, I imagine that our solitary opportunity to get safeguarded is by fire. Section 3: At this moment, Simon and I just got wrapped up a hovel. I’m tired of being the just one around here who does everything. The littluns don’t help by any means. I feel that building hovels is far more significant than chasing. Be that as it may, Jack sure doesn’t think so. I likewise imagine that there ought to be a sign fire consuming constantly for getting protected. Part 4: Prior today when I was swimming in the washing pool I saw some smoke in the skyline. I took a gander at the peak, however the sign fire had gone out. When ...

UNANY Summer Scholars 2019 Winners COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

UNANY Summer Scholars 2019 Winners COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Our second-year MPA-DP 20 students Fatène Ben-Hamza and Emily Boytinck were invited to the annual 2019 UN Day Humanitarian Awards Gala Dinner. The event commemorating the work of the United Nations has also became an elegant celebration of the work of our UNANY  Summer Scholars 2019 Winners. Fatène Ben-Hamza spent her summer working at the UNICEF Middle East and North Africa Regional Office in the ADAP section (adolescent development and participation) in Amman, Jordan. During summer she focused on developing materials for improving the engagement of young people in humanitarian settings, an analysis of young people participation in social movements and finally on building a case for participatory budgeting in Jordan. Emily Boytinck, had her summer placement at UNFPA country office in Dakar, Senegal. Under the authority of the Representative and the direct supervision of the Reproductive Health Program Officer, Emily worked with the reproductive health team to advance Senegals country program. As a UNANY Summer Scholar, she collaborated with office staff and national partners, and contributed to data collection, analysis and produce reports related to reproductive health (RH) with a focus on the topics of adolescent sexual and reproductive health and menstrual health in emergencies. Emily’s and Fatène’s achievements while working in country offices located in Jordan and Senegal immeasurably added to a deeper appreciation of what UNFPA and UNICEF do towards a more just and sustainable future. Learn more about the  MPA-DP Program: Instagram:  columbiasipa_mpadp Twitter: @ColumbiaMPADP LinkedIn Facebook

Fitness Can Help With Stress - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1055 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/05/15 Category Sports Essay Level High school Topics: Fitness Essay Did you like this example? For this Research paper, the topic that has been chosen is the early adulthood stage. There are many changes that occur during this time, and affect the majority of todays society. A few characteristics someone would have going on in their lives are physical, social, and mental changes during this stage. They are going through these changes due to a leap from the adolescence stage to the early adulthood stage. During this time period, it brings many changes to ones life such as what they are going to do in life, where they are going to college, and how they are going to present themselves to others. The theory being related to the topic chosen is Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. In this theory, he explains the different stages we go through to finally reach a concept called self-actualization. The concepts Maslow discusses are very important in the early adulthood stages. When going through this stage of early adulthood, one has to make many life-changing decisions. This crea tes a lot of stress for young adults because, in a way, this is going to be shaping out the rest of their life. At the core of this theory, it talks about how we need to fulfill our basic needs in life before we can pursue higher levels of needs that we have. The first stage Maslow discusses in his theory is our physiological needs. These are human survival needs such as food, water, air, and shelter. Once they are taken care of, then we can go onto the next stage which is our safety needs. In the safety needs stage, we need to feel protected from injury and death. Without this security, we are held back from being able to move to the next stage of the pyramid. Next is love and belonging, this is where personal connections are made. For example, friendships, bonds with family members, and becoming a part of your society. Stage number four in the pyramid is your esteem needs which brings you to what Maslow calls your higher needs. Higher level needs are met once all the lower level needs are satisfied. This is when you create your own reputation and become comfortable with yourself. The esteem stage is very important in life because this makes you the person you want to be and also what you want others to see. Theres nothing worse than someone wanting to do something but they cannot because of low self-esteem issues. This can set a person back and make them constantly have regrets. Finally, once a person has fulfilled all of these stages, the highest stage is met, Self-actualization. Self-actualization is when one truly become their self. Meaning you have fulfilled your unique potential while you continue to appreciate the life you are living. You learn this while completing all of the steps we covered in Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. This theory shows how our life is made up of many different steps. Self-actualization is a major step we need to reach to understand who we are and what our plan and purpose are in life. The social topic that has been ch osen for this paper is fitness. Fitness was chosen as a social topic because it is something that is very important in todays society. The definition of fitness is the condition of being physically fit and healthy. Not only does it help our body look good but it also helps with our mental health. Some of the benefits fitness create in todays society are jobs, stress relievers and boosts overall health. Jobs in todays society are very important and fitness is helping to provide the worlds population with jobs. Research shows that the majority of professional trainers are the happiest people. Being a physical trainer can be very satisfying by seeing people change in many different ways. This not only benefits the trainer but it also benefits the client. Fitness also creates a way to cope and deal with stress. The majority of people deal with stress in very unhealthy ways. Statistics show the majority of people use drugs, alcohol, lack of sleep, smoking and many other unhealthy t hings to deal with stress. Instead of choosing to hurt your body, people should become more aware of how fitness can positively help with stress while also increasing your overall health. When someone thinks of going to the gym, most of the time its correlated with being tried and too much work is involved to make it happen. But exercise on a daily or weekly basis can really boost your energy levels. This happens because our body gets accustomed to the force and effort we use when we exercise. Another benefit fitness can lead to is a social activity. Many people go to the gym with their family members and friends. This creates a time where you can help each other in positive ways while bettering yourselves. Also, the gyms always packed with people so there are numerous friendships that can be made while working out. When someone is in the early adulthood stage they are going through a lot of changes. Something that is very important during this time is your esteem needs. T he reason esteem needs are so important is because this shapes you as an individual. As an early adult, you have so many important decisions to make, people to impress, and obstacles to overcome. Fitness can help your esteem needs in many ways. When someone is having trouble with self-esteem and continues to feel like they cannot change anything thats happening in their life, Fitness can be the first step they take to change their negative esteem mindset. Imagine taking a picture of yourself in the mirror and thinking to yourself I look HORRIBLE!! So then you start to read, learn and become a member at a fitness center. Fitness is not something that takes minimal effort, its a sport where you have to put dedication into. After being dedicated to something and seeing results, its proven that its a self-esteem booster. Setting a goal and achieving it is one of the best feelings out there. So many different articles and people explain this life-changing experience. Even if the bod y doesnt look like a supermodel, the person is still aware that they have the power to make changes on their own. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Fitness Can Help With Stress" essay for you Create order

The Financial Crisis Of 2008 Hit The American Economy

The financial crisis of 2008 hit the American economy and the world economy as well. It cost tens of millions of people their savings, jobs, and their homes. For decades the American financial system was stable and safe, but it changed. The financial industry turned its back on society; it corrupted the political system, and plunged the world economy into crisis. It was not an accident; it was caused by an out of control industry, a greedy industry. The crisis has made more damage to society while the industry has made more money. The residential mortgage crisis affected commercial real estate by making credit much more difficult to get. Real estate investment has been driven by leverage. One of the great things about real estate investment is that you do not need just cash to do it. The possible investors are either reluctant to acquire and develop real estate without the need of debt. As a result, the demand for real estate slowed and prices fell down. To understand better how ever ything started, let’s mention the great depression. After the Great Depression, the United States had forty years of economic growth without a single financial crisis. The financial system was regulated, and most of the banks were local. They were prohibited from speculating depositor’s savings. Investments banks were small private partnerships in charge of handling stock and trading. The private partnerships partners put their own money up as their investments; therefore they didn’t risk asShow MoreRelatedThe World s Economy Was Devastated1732 Words   |  7 Pagesthe western world’s economy was devastated. With the crash of the United States Wall Street, the realm drove into what is now known as the â€Å"Great Recession†. Its neighbour to the north, Canada also felt these affects as unemployment and poverty grew. After a decade of despair, the massive rise in government spending for the Second World War and the reductions in taxes, the econo mies returned to prosper. With decades of industrialization, population growth and surging economies, the Western WorldRead MoreThe Crisis Of The United States1711 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the mid-2000s, the global economy was impacted by one of the biggest financial catastrophe; the subprime mortgage crisis. The housing market in America was on the decline that indirectly affected Canada. This case study will provide an overview of what happened before, during and after the crisis in order to obtain an understanding of what could be applied to predict a better future for North America as a whole and Canada individually. This case study also provides an opportunity to appreciateRead MoreFactors That Affects The Global Economy And Its Impact On The Nigeria And Egypt Economy1568 Words   |  7 Pagesaffects the global economy and their impact on the Nigeria and Egypt economy. In 2007, the financial crisis, which later extended to the global financial crisis began in the United S tates of America. The origin and elements of the 2007/2012 global financial crisis have been widely discussed in the literature throughout the period. The aim of this work is to, however, try to point out the reasons and also the macroeconomic effects of the financial crisis in both countries economy and the resultingRead MoreNotes On Credit Default Swaps1401 Words   |  6 PagesCredit Default Swaps Another financial vehicle that could be problematic was CDS (credit default swap). CDS is a financial derivative works like insurance on securities. The underwriter is obligated to pay a pre-determined fee to counterparty if a certain security default. In return, underwriters charge a fee as compensation. CDS can be used to hedge against risks. However there are still some difference between a CDS and an insurance contract. The CDS does not require buyers to actually hold underlyingRead More2008 Us Economic Recession1709 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTIONS The  Global Financial Crisis  of 2008 is considered by many economists to be the worst  financial crisis  since the  Great Depression  of the 1930s. It resulted in the threat of total collapse of large financial institutions, the  bailout  of small and big banks by national governments, and downturns in stock markets around the world. In United States, the housing market also suffered, resulting in  evictions,  foreclosures  and prolonged unemployment. The crisis played a significant role inRead MoreThe Financial Crisis : Rescue Efforts855 Words   |  4 PagesThe Financial Crisis: Rescue Efforts Throughout the early 2000’s, relaxed lending regulations and lowered interest rates sparked the growth of the securitization of subprime mortgages. In order to increase profit and revenue, a number of financial institutions became heavily involved in the process of securitizing the loans. When house prices began to fall in 2006, homeowner delinquencies and foreclosures increased causing many institutions to become overleveraged. As a result, the destabilizationRead MoreThe Crisis Of The United States Of America1721 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the mid-2000s, the global economy was impacted by one of the biggest financial catastrophes: the subprime mortgage crisis. The housing market in the United States of America was on the decline and it indirectly affected Canada. This case study will provide an overview of what happened before, during and after the crisis in order to obtain an understanding of what could be applied to predict a better future for North America as a whole and Canada individually. This case study also providesRead MoreThe Subprime Mortgage Crisis Of 2008 Impacted The Us1581 Words   |  7 PagesMortgage Crisis of 2008 impacted the US According to data from the United States Census Bureau: 501 thousand new single-family houses were sold in 2015 compare to 1,051 thousand in 2006. Real estate always impacted the economy by creating jobs and housing opportunities for families. But around 2006 because of a shortage of homebuyer, the nation saw an increase in the number of mortgage credits and subprime loans granted which lead to the 2008 subprime mortgage crisis, a nation wide banking crisis, puttingRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 20081747 Words   |  7 PagesThe economic crisis of 2008 was one for the ages, it changed the world of investing forever. That year, the stock market crashed, bank failures and the infamous wall street bailout that can all be traced back to the subprime mortgage crisis.. The 2008 economic crisis rocked the global economy for the worst, and to this day the United States is trying to recover from the impact that the crisis had. In order to understand why exactly the banks failed people have to understand the subprime mortgageRead MoreThe Crisis Of 2008 And Its Effects On The Economy1361 Words   |  6 PagesThe Crisis of 2008 has been the worst financial crisis since the devastating era of the Great Depression. The Crisis of 2008 just like the Great depression left millions of people unemployed, and homeless. After the crisis the causes were viewed like speculation, fragility of the system, and greed of the managers which adversely affected the market. The effects of a financial crisis are truly devastating to the economy, and many people that live in the country of which it occurred. There are many

Sufism Its Mystical Contribution to an Understanding of...

2.3 A God to be Remembered: The Sufi Practice of Dhikr In an interview on the Sufi concept of God’s oneness conducted in 2011, contemporary mystic Llewellyn Vaughan-Lee emphasised the ‘forgetfulness’ of today’s society. In the context of Sufism, this ‘forgetfulness does not refer to mere absent-mindedness but a kind of perpetual and periodic obliviousness to the centrality of God and the divine spark within. The goal of the Sufi then, is to maintain a constant state of remembrance of God through the recitation of His ninety-nine names – a practice known as dhikr. Although often occurring in the form of silent and prolonged meditation on God, the most popularized form of dhikr amongst the majority of Sufi sects includes a group of Sufis†¦show more content†¦Similar states of ecstasy are reached in the same way in Pentecostal or charismatic branches of Christianity where believers, filled with the Holy Spirit become enraptured and as if drunk, begin to speak strange utterances known as the d ivine language of tongues (referred to as shathiyyat in Arabic (Ernst 1997: 117)). These practices shed light on the nature of the divine from the perspective of the mystic. It is as if God consciousness and a divine connection can be reached by touching the inner workings of the spirit, by grasping at the core of one’s emotions, mental capabilities and spirituality in order to access what is already there – the divine spark that unifies God with mankind. The God of the Sufis exists beyond human egotism, beyond any normal state of consciousness – beyond the conventional. These trance-like experiences may occasionally be granted to a Muslim by spontaneous â€Å"divine grace† (Ernst 1997: 116) as in the case of the famous Luri tribesman who, when having encountered a sudden spiritual state where divine unity became apparent to him, became drunk and as incomprehensible as a madman. However, the majority of Sufis commit to a spiritual quest that is characteri sed by specific stages or spiritual stations,’ which illustrate a conscious progression towards the ultimate goal – reaching al-Haqiqah (commonly known as fana)Show MoreRelatedIslam : Religious Aspects Of Islam1380 Words   |  6 PagesProphet Muhammad† because of his vision of this religion that inspired him to preach the revelations of God which spread worldwide after his death in 632. Islam spread at a rapid rate all across the world and as far as India and China and was being done by many mean to include commerce and trade. Moreover, Islam is based on strict monotheistic teaching from the prophet Muhammad, which is based on their god â€Å"Allah†. However, before Muhammad begins his journey of prophecy at age forty, he was an orphan asRead MoreAl Gazali1257 Words   |  6 Pagesin 1058 AD in Tus, Persia and impacted greatly upon the Islamic faith, particularly toward Sunni and Sufi members; they know him as ‘the Proof of Islam’. Al Ghaza li provided a positive impact upon the Islamic faith and its million of devotees and still continues to do so today through his many works. Al Ghazali was educated in Tus, Persia, at the Nishapur School as well as at the Nizamayyah School in Baghdad. Here, he excelled in Islamic sciences. In 1095, Al Ghazali experienced a personal crisisRead MoreIslam s Impact On Modern Day2125 Words   |  9 Pageshave to define what â€Å"re-newer† is), Throughout the course of history, many influential thinkers and intellects arose during several eras and have left a profound impact on modern day (optional to add this if it sounds better) Islam. During the 5th Islamic century, Imam Al Ghazali became one of the most influential thinkers in the history of Islam. Born in Persia, Al- Ghazali lost the shadow of his father early in his life, as at a young age his father had passed away. Al Ghazali’s fathers’ desire hadRead MoreThe New Testament And The Christian Message1984 Words   |  8 Pagesaccordingly is sought after and taken up by the communities that seek to follow Jesus. Peace is understood as more than merel y an absence of violence and conflict. It refers more fully to an overall sense of wellbeing. Ultimately peace is found in union with God. Christians are taught to live at peace with others, both within their own communities and in the wider human family. The New Testament is the normative text for all Christians. While there are some differences in the way the New Testament is usedRead MoreWorld Religion5936 Words   |  24 PagesName________________________ Class Hour_______ CHAPTER 1-Understanding Religion STUDY QUESTIONS (Pages 1-29) Group A 1. What are some of the questions religion seek to answer? List some of the human needs served by religion? 2. Discuss a theory on origins of religion by one of the thinkers in the reading (Tylor, Frazer, Freud, James, Otto or Jung) that makes sense to you at the present time. 3. List and describe the eight elements that are developed in varying degrees in most religions?Read MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pagesreplaced, in some manuscripts, by a detailed list of contents, arranged by chapter, of which a translation will be found on pp. lxxvi-lxxviii of the present volume. Chapter 1 (pp.4-7) demonstrates the importance of philosophy, on the one hand for the understanding of matters divine, natural and moral, and on the other as the premise for magic, which is its conclusio. In the first section there are verbal echoes of al-Fà ¢rà ¢bà ®Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Classification of the Sciences (Ihsà ¢ al-’Ulà »m) and the Neo-Platonic doctrines

Accounting Theory and Issues Accounting Scientific Research

Question: Describe about the Accounting Theory and Issues for Accounting Scientific Research. Answer: Introduction The research article aims to provide a detailed evidence of the contribution of positive accounting theory to the field of accounting. The research paper analyses and examines the various literatures related to the positive accounting theory for developing its in-depth understanding. The main argument presented in the paper is related to the lack of empirical evidences in support of positive accounting theory for achieving the accounting research scientific objectives. The author through the research article has expressed the concern over the effectiveness of positive accounting theory to achieve success in the field of accounting research. The theory of positive accounting is a subject of criticism since its emergence as it is not based on testable predictions. The prediction power of the theory is relatively less that makes it largely ineffective in the field of accounting (Bazrafshan and Talebina, 2016). In this context, the present essay aims to provide a critical analysis of the research article Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. The critical analysis include summarising its main points, identifying the research question, discussion of the theoretical framework and at last discussing about the significance and limitations of the article. Summary of Article The main argument presented in the research paper has been summarised in this section. The author in the article has stated that the theory of positive accounting has been largely used by the accountants since its emergence for explaining and predicting accounting operations. The views and opinions of various authors have been presented in the research paper for gathering evidences in support of the main argument developed by the author in the article. Positive accounting theory has been described as not so useful in the field of accounting as it is more theoretical based and does not provide practice-oriented outcomes. The positive accounting theory has an important influence on the accounting researches by explaining the reality of accounting through demonstrating cause and effect relationships. The theory was developed by Watts and Zimmerman in 1970s that is in contrary to the normative accounting theory. Normative accounting theory is mainly used for developing the accounting pri nciples however on the contrary positive accounting theory is based on scientific phenomena for explaining the reality of accounting (Dunmore, 2009). There is no development in the positive accounting theoretical model since its emergence and as such is regarded as inappropriate for attaining the accounting research aims and objectives. Thus, the research article focuses on widening the theoretical concept of positive accounting so that it can achieve the scientific objectives of contemporary accounting. The field of accounting has undergone much development in the recent years and it is based more on testing the accounting predictions. Thus, all the recent changes in the field of accounting should be incorporated in the theoretical model of positive accounting for achieving the scientific objectives of contemporary accounting research. Thus, the research article has such contributed largely to the field of accounting research by highlighting the deficiencies in the positive account ing theoretical framework (Dunmore, 2009). Research Question The research question as identified in the research article is Does positive accounting theoretical framework used in accounting research is effective in attaining its scientific objectives? In the context of this main research question, the article also addresses the following sub-research question: What is the importance of positive accounting theory in the field of accounting research? What are the main weaknesses of the positive accounting theory that needs to be improved for achieving the accounting research objectives? Does positive accounting should be used in combination with other theoretical frameworks for conducting accounting researches? All the above mentioned research questions have been identified and extracted from the literature review of the research article. The overall literature review has discussed about the contribution and weaknesses of positive accounting theory in attaining the scientific objectives of accounting research. Thus, all the above research questions are extracted from critically analysing the overall research article in detail (Dunmore, 2009). Theoretical Framework The present section critically evaluates the literature review of the research article. The theoretical framework of the research article states positive accounting theory as an economic-based theory that tends to explain the objectivity of accounting problems. The theory is in contrast with normative accounting theory that is mainly subjective based and provides recommendations to the accountants based on accounting principles. However, positive accounting theory implements phenomena of natural sciences for describing the accounting principle and practices (Ghnabari et al., 2016). It is mainly based on empirical studies and provides outcome to the accounting problem through testing the hypothesis that researches observes in practice. The theoretical framework also presents various critics against the theory of positive accounting due to which it is not proving to be effective currently for carrying out accounting research. The main criticisms as analysed from the research article ag ainst the theory is that is largely economics based and thus has reliance on perfect market. This is in contradiction with accounting concepts as there is no existence of a perfect market as evaluated from the capital asset pricing model (Dunmore, 2009). Also, Watts and Zimmerman have largely argued about positive accounting theory to be scientific and practically based but the outcome achieved from the theory is not such practically oriented. Various authors have argued that positive accounting theory is more of rhetoric than scientifically based and is also regarded as based on value judgement. The positive accounting theory was regarded as based on objectivity but its heavy reliance on value judgment has contradicted its objectivity basis. Thus, all these criticisms of positive accounting theory have regarded it as largely ineffective for attaining scientific objectives of accounting research (Rhonheimer, 2000). The deficiencies in positive accounting theory make it largely inappropriate to be applied in actual situations. Thus, positive accounting research is mainly regarded as theoretical rather than scientifically based. Positive accounting research has gained dominance in the field of accounting as it was claimed to be scienti fically based on its development. However, the clams of the theory have proved to be false as it is regarded as more theoretically based and less practically oriented due to it based on value judgement (Deegan, 2014). The theory is simply regarded as mix of other accounting theories such as agency and efficient market hypothesis theory nowadays. Its reliability has been put in question by various accounting researches that depict it to be inappropriate for carrying out future accounting research (Dunmore, 2009). The theoretical framework of the research article has regarded positive accounting theory to be inappropriate for analysing and predicting the human behaviour in accounting settings. The theory that was stated to be based on explaining cause and effect relationships in accounting is now regarded to be only rhetorical (Bazrafshan and Talebina, 2016). The literature review of the article also suggests that researchers should use positive accounting theory in combination with other theoretical concepts for attaining the practically oriented objectives of accounting research. There is high need for the development of better theoretical models for analysing and testing accounting predictions. The positive accounting theory is not so effective in testing accounting predictions as it is based more on value judgment. There is lack of objectivity in theoretical model of positive accounting and such the researchers should develop a more appropriate theoretical model for guiding accounting rese arch. Accounting research mainly involves statistical testing of hypothesis developed for achieving a reliable outcome of the accounting problem. Thus, positive accounting theory does not seem to be appropriate for developing an accurate answer for the research problem in accounting research (Bazrafshan and Talebina, 2016). Thus, the overall discussion held in the literature review of the research article has questioned on the scientific status of positive accounting theory and has recommended the adoption of better theoretical models in accounting research (Dunmore, 2009). Significance and Limitations of the Article The research article is highly significant in the field of accounting as it helps in identifying the main shortcomings in the positive accounting theory. The theoretical model of positive accounting is largely used by the accountants for examining the accounting principles. However, the theory is largely been criticised as it is based mainly on subjectivity rather than being objective in nature. The research article is highly significant as it recommends the users to implement better accounting theoretical concepts for attaining practical outcomes of accounting research (Dunmore, 2009). The main limitations of the research article as it lacks practical evidences in support of the main argument presented in the paper. The article has only reviewed secondary literary sources for presenting an in-depth understanding of the research topic. The article lacks objectivity as it has not collected any quantitative data against positive accounting theory but has only demonstrated qualitative d ata in support of the research topic. The research article should also incorporate some standard measures for providing the main weaknesses of positive accounting theory. All the discussion held in the research article is mainly subjective in nature and therefore lacks practical evidences in support of the findings developed. The findings of the research article needs to be supported by practical evidences through the collection of primary data. Primary data is regarded as the data that is not available and is collected mainly for carrying out a research. It is mainly quantitative in nature and provides a practical approach to the research topic (Dunmore, 2009). The research article has adopted qualitative research methodology for analysing the research topic in detail. There are various limitations attached with qualitative research methodology. The limitations include lack of objectivity and as such the research becomes less reliable. The lack of practical demonstration in support in empirical evidence developed in the paper questions on its reliability and validity. The author should have incorporated the use of exploratory research methodology that involves the collection of both quantitative and qualitative data for attaining a specific answer for the research problem. The qualitative data should aim at supporting the findings obtained from quantitative analysis. The quantitative analysis involves collection of primary data through survey process for evaluating the research topic in detail. The lack of quantitative data also limits the usefulness of the research article for future researches held in this context. The qualitative data is not regarded a reliable and therefore the findings obtained from its analysis cannot be used by future researchers that aims to carry out the research in the respective field. Also, the theoretical framework of the research article is not well-presented and such is not easily understood by the readers. The author should have presented the theoretical framework in a more synchronised way so that readers can easily understand the main concepts presented thorough the author in the literature review section. Thus, all these are the main limitations that have impacted the significance of the research article (Dunmore, 2009). Conclusion It can be said from the overall analysis of the research article that it has provided a base for future researchers to analyse and examine the importance and weaknesses of positive accounting theory. The author has recommended that better theoretical models in accounting research should be adopted for attaining its scientific objectives. The main shortcoming of positive accounting theory is being highlighted by the author so that future researches in the field of accounting can be improved. The research article concludes that positive accounting theory though has largely being used in explaining accounting phenomena needs to be improved to meet the objectives of contemporary accounting. The researchers should implement the theoretical concepts advocated by positive accounting in addition with other theoretical models of accounting for accurately achieving the objectives of empirical accounting research. References Bazrafshan, M. and Talebina, G. 2016. Challenges Positive Accounting Theory. International Journal of Basic Sciences Applied Research 5 (2), pp. 119-122. Chatfield, M. and Vangermeersch, R. 2014. The History of Accounting (RLE Accounting): An International Encylopedia. Routledge. Deegan, C. 2014. Financial Accounting Theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Dunmore, P.V. 2009. Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. Ghnabari, M. et al. 2016. PAT (Positive Accounting Theory) and Natural Science. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 10(2), pp. 177-182. Rhonheimer, M. 2000. Natural Law and Practical Reason: A Thomist View of Moral Autonomy. Fordham Univ Press.